Substitution of a Man for Ereshkigal

A substitution healing ritual found in Walter Burkert’s The Orientalizing Revolution. The core concept is familiar enough but the thoroughness here is especially impressive.

This text deals with the healing of a sick person. It bears the title “Substitution of a Man for Ereshkigal.” Ereshkigal is the Sumerian-Akkadian goddess of the underworld. The substitute is an “unmated goat.” It is put into bed with the sick person and is supposed to spend the night with him. At dawn the conjurer arrives, throws the goat and the sick person out of the bed onto the floor, touches the throat of the sick person with a wooden knife, and then cuts the throat of the goat with a real knife. The slaughtered goat is then stuffed with spices, it is dressed in a robe and given shoes, its eyes are adorned, the headgear of the sick person is wound round its head, and it is tended “as if it were a dead man” while the sick person leaves the house. The conjurer speaks an incantation, raises the lamentation for the dead over the body, brings offerings for the dead, makes libations of water, beer, roasted corn, milk, honey, cream, and oil; finally, with offerings for the “spirit of the dead of the family” and the goat, he buries the animal. In this way the sick person is delivered.

The spices are the one element I don’t understand – are they a purifying medicine on premise that the sickness by that point has transferred to the goat? Or are they representative of the sickness itself? Or somehow an analogue for what is in a person (=another step to making the goat more acceptable as substitute)? Or unrelated to any of that and just a first phase of offerings in a different form than the libations that conclude the ritual?

The main source Burkert gives is E. Ebeling’s Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babylonien p.65-69.

Life is but a swivel of the eye

The Ballad of Early Rulers, an Ubi Sunt originally of Sumerian origin but with a life into the first millennium BCE. This rendering is from Yoram Cohen’s Wisdom From the Late Bronze Age and combines copies from Emar and Ugarit with further supplements from the Old Babylonian Sumerian Standard Version. Which is to say it’s a fictional patchwork that reads better than the individual fragmentary versions.

1 The fates are determined by Ea,
2 The lots are drawn according to the will of the gods,
3 Since always so it was.
4 Has it never been heard from the mouth of (our) predecessor(s)?
5 Above these were the kings… (the rest is corrupt)
6 Above the houses of their dwelling, below their house of eternity.
7 Like the distant heaven, nobody can reach (them),
8 Like the depths of the Netherworld, nobody can know (them),
9 Life is but a swivel of the eye,
10 Life of mankind cannot [last] forever.
11 Where is Alulu who reigned for 36,000 years?
12 Where is Entena who went up to the sky?
13 Where is Gilgameš who sought (eternal) life like (that of) Ziusudra?
14 Where is Huwawa who was subdued when bowing down (to
Gilgameš)?
15 Where is Enkidu who was famous in his strength [throughout the
land]?
16 Where is Bazi? Where is Zizi?
17 Where are they—the great kings (Ugarit Version I) // Where are the
great kings from past days up to now (Emar Version)?
18 They are not (anymore) engendered, are not born.
19 Life without light—how can it be better than death?
20 Young man let me teach you truly about (the nature of) your god.
21 Chase away grief from depression; have nothing to do with silence.
22 In exchange for a single day of happiness let pass a time of silence of
tens of thousands of days. (Ug. and Emar combined)
23 May Siraš rejoice over me as if over her little child!
24 Thus the fates of mankind are established

And for some orientation here’s a selection of Cohen’s commentary:

The Ballad of Early Rulers begins by stating that ever since the fates were determined by Ea life is transient and not meant to last forever. The poem then offers a list of early illustrious rulers. The reader is asked to question what their fate was in spite of their heroic deeds. Did these rulers ever reach immortality? Alulu, Entena, Gilgameš, Bazi, and Zizi, in spite of the fact that none like these past rulers are born anymore, were eventually mortal, so we are to understand.

As has been made evident by several scholars, the list of The Ballad of Early Rulers rests heavily on Mesopotamian scholarly and historiographical traditions, particularly on the Sumerian King List and, as will be seen, The Epic of Gilgameš. Alulu of The Ballad of Early Rulers can be identified with Alulim from the city of Eridu, the first king of the antediluvian section in the Sumerian King List. Alulim or, in his Akkadian rendering, Ayyalu is also known from the Uruk List of Kings and Sages, where he is mentioned in the company of the famous sage Adapa. Otherwise Alulu is also known as a magic power called upon to ward away pests in several incantations.

Following Alulu in The Ballad of Early Rulers is Entena, or, as he is better known to us, Etana King of Kiš, who also appears in the Sumerian King List. The mention of Etana’s ascent to heaven in The Ballad of Early Rulers (l. 12, partly preserved in the Sumerian Standard Version) refers to the mythological story The Epic of Etana. As in The Ballad of Early Rulers, the Sumerian King List speaks of “Etana, the shepherd, who ascended to heaven.”

After Kiš, the Sumerian King List informs us that kingship passed on to Uruk, whose most famous king was Gilgameš. As in the Sumerian King List, so in The Ballad of Early Rulers, it is Gilgameš who follows Etana. Both kings failed to reach immortality but were somewhat compensated for their brave but futile attempt when they achieved a place in the Netherworld as venerated figures.

Once Gilgameš is mentioned in The Ballad of Early Rulers, other characters known from his Epic show up. First comes Ziusudra, better known as Atra(m)-ḫasīs or Utnapištim, the only person to have reached immortality in Mesopotamian literary tradition. He is followed by Huwawa, Gilgameš’s adversary, and then by Enkidu, the hero’s companion.

The next two characters, Bazi and Zizi, are mentioned only in the Emar version. They are missing from Ugarit Version I (which mentions Enkidu and then jumps to line 17) and the Sumerian Standard Version. Nonetheless, in spite of what has repeatedly been claimed in the scholarly literature, both characters were not inserted in the list by scribes from Emar.

Like other early rulers of The Ballad of Early Rulers, Bazi and Zizi are also found in the Sumerian King List. Known from a recension of the Sumerian King List found at Tel Leilan (an ancient site located in the Habur Triangle), they are included in the section of the list dedicated to the kings of Mari. Like many other pre-Sargonic kings of the Sumerian King List, Bazi and Zizi were legendary figures of probably no historical background.

From the Great Above she opened her ear to the Great Below.

Another from Inanna, Queen of Heaven and Earth. Another introit, this one from the section entitled From the Great Above to the Great Below: Who doesn’t love a katabasis?

From the Great Above she opened her ear to the Great Below.
From the Great Above the goddess opened her ear to the Great Below.
From the Great Above Inanna opened her ear to the Great Below.

My Lady abandoned heaven and earth to descend to the underworld.
Inanna abandoned heaven and earth to descend to the underworld.
She abandoned her office of holy priestess to descend to the underworld.

In Uruk she abandoned her temple to descend to the underworld
In Badtibira she abandoned her temple to descend to the underworld
In Zabalam she abandoned her temple to descend to the underworld
In Adab she abandoned her temple to descend to the underworld
In Kish she abandoned her temple to descend to the underworld
In Akkad she abandoned her temple to descend to the underworld

She gathered together the seven me
She took them into her hands.
With the me in her possession, she prepared herself:

She placed the shugurra, the crown of the steppe, on her head.
She arranged the dark locks of hair across her forehead.
She tied the small lapis beads around her neck,
Let the double strand of beads fall to her breast,
And wrapped the royal robe around her body.
She daubed her eyes with ointment called “Let him come, Let him come,”
Bound the breastplate called “Come, man, come!” around her chest,
Slipped the gold ring over her wrist,
And took the lapis measuring rod and line in her hand.