Some lines of Philitas of Cos

Reported by Stobaeus (Florilegium 2.4.5) as an extract from Philitas of Cos’ Παίγνια (‘play, sport, game’ – a very rare word). Philitas (born ~340 BCE) was both poet and scholar and one side of his scholarship – his love for rare archaic words (also illustrated here) – comes through well in these few lines.

No lumbering rustic snatching up a hoe
Shall bear me from the mountains—me, an alder tree;
But one who knows the marshalling of words, who toils,
Who knows the pathways of all forms of speech.


οὐ μέ τις ἐξ ὀρέων ἀποφώλιος ἀγροιώτης
αἱρήσει κλήθρην, αἰρόμενος μακέλην·
ἀλλ᾿ ἐπέων εἰδὼς κόσμον καὶ πολλὰ μογήσας,
μύθων παντοίων οἶμον ἐπιστάμενος.

The note to the Loeb edition (titled The Hellenistic Collection) adds:

If the second line is to be taken literally, the speaker may be the tree itself, or, derived from it, a poet’s staff (cf. Hes. Th. 30) (so Maass), or writing-tablet (so Kuchenmüller). Other scholars have suggested that a Philitan poem, or collection of poems, or poetry itself is speaking. Alternatively, the speaker could be a girl who prefers to marry a poet rather than a rustic (so Reitzenstein). On any reading, the lines contain an image, perhaps self-image, of the refined, learned, and dedicated poet.

There is more of interest in these lines than first looks. A few quick observations – the flavor of ἀποφώλιος ἀγροιώτης feels a condensed reminiscence of Hesiod’s ποιμένες ἄγραυλοι, κάκ᾽ ἐλέγχεα, γαστέρες οἶον at Theogony 26 (Shepherds of the wilderness, wretched things of shame, mere bellies). Hesiod actually has ποιμένας ἀγροιώτας in the same line-end position at Scutum 39 but if Philitas is recalling the phrase, he punches it up with the rare (and exclusively Odyssean in Homer) ἀποφώλιος (’empty, vain, idle’) memorably used by Odysseus of Euryalus in Odyssey 8.177 – νόον δ᾽ ἀποφώλιός ἐσσι (‘but in mind thou art stunted’ in the old Loeb translation).

The phrase ἐπέων εἰδὼς κόσμον is in the same family as κόσμον ἐπέων ὠιδὴν in Solon’s Salamis Elegy (fr.1-3 in West’s edition) and Parmenides’ µάνθανε κόσµον ἐµῶν ἐπέων ἀπατηλὸν ἀκούων (Learn as you listen the deceptive order of my words, line 52 in Diels) – but feels less a direct reference than a pull from a shared early poetic stockpile.

The same feels true of μύθων παντοίων οἶμον – the metaphor is seen in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes καὶ γὰρ ἐγὼ Μούσῃσιν Ὀλυμπιάδεσσιν ὀπηδός, / τῇσι χοροί τε μέλουσι καὶ ἀγλαὸς οἶμος ἀοιδῆς (And though I am a follower of the Olympian Muses who love dances and the bright path of song, 451) and in Pindar Olympian 9 ἔγειρ᾽ ἐπέων σφιν οἶμον λιγύν (Arouse for them a clear-sounding path of song, 47).

The ways of wisdom are steep (σοφίαι μέν αἰπειναί)

A phrase from the end of Pindar’s Olympian 9 (104-108) that I always find more striking than I probably should and am now trying to justify to myself as worth the interest.

for some paths
are longer than others,
and no single training will develop
us all. The ways of wisdom
are steep …

ἐντὶ γὰρ ἄλλαι
ὁδῶν ὁδοὶ περαίτεραι,
μία δ᾿ οὐχ ἅπαντας ἄμμε θρέψει
μελέτα· σοφίαι μέν
αἰπειναί …

αἰπεινός is an adjective related to the far more common αἰπύς, both meaning something like ‘high, steep, sheer’. The full definitions of αἰπύς from Liddell Scott and Cunliffe’s Homeric Dictionary are below but, in short form, the word mostly appears in Epic and Lyric and the primary use is with cities, hills, and anything physically high up. An extended use later develops that allows application to what I’ll term vertiginous abstracts – death, darkness, anger, trickery, and toil (though you could probably argue for death as a transitional usage, its poetic conception ranging between a physical presence and a personified notion).

LSJ:

αἰπύς, εῖα, ύ, Ep. and Lyr. Adj., rare in Trag.,

high and steep, in Hom. mostly of cities on rocky heights, esp. of Troy, Od. 3.485, al.; of hills, Il. 2.603; later of the sky, αἰθήρ B. 3.36; οὐρανός S. Aj. 845; on high, ποδῶν αἰ. ἰωή Hes. Th. 682; ἁψαμένη βρόχον αἰπύν hanging high, Od. 11.278.

metaph., sheer, utter, αἰ. ὄλεθρος freq. in Hom., death being regarded as the plunge from a high precipice; φόνος αἰ. Od. 4.843; θάνατος Pi. O. 10(11).42; σκότος utter darkness, Id. Fr. 228; of passions, etc., αἰ. χόλος towering wrath, Il. 15.223; δόλος αἰ. h.Merc. 66, Hes. Th. 589; αἰπυτάτη σοφίη AP 11.354 (Agath.); arduous, πόνος Il. 11.601, 16.651; αἰπύ οἱ ἐσσεῖται ʼtwill be hard work for him, 13.317.

Cunliffe:

αἰπύς -εῖα, -ύ.

Steep, sheer: ὄρος Il. 2.603. Cf. Il. 2.811, 829, Il. 5.367, 868, Il. 11.711, Il. 15.84: αἰπεῖα εἰς ἅλα πέτρη (running sheer down into the sea) Od. 3.293. Cf. Od. 3.287, Od. 4.514, Od. 19.431. Applied to walls Il. 6.327, Il. 11.181: Od. 14.472. Of a noose, hung from on high Od. 11.278.
Of cities, set on a steep Il. 2.538, Il. 9.668, Il. 15.71: Od. 3.485, Od. 10.81, Od. 15.193.

Fig., difficult, hard.In impers. construction : αἰπύ οἱ ἐσσεῖται Il. 13.317. Of ὄλεθρος (thought of as a precipice or gulf), sheer, utter Il. 6.57, Il. 10.371, Il. 11.174, 441, Il. 12.345, 358, Il. 13.773, Il. 14.99, 507=Il. 16.283, Il. 16.859, Il. 17.155, 244, Il. 18.129: Od. 1.11, 37, Od. 5.305, Od. 9.286, 303, Od. 12.287, 446, Od. 17.47, Od. 22.28, 43, 67. Sim. of φόνος Il. 17.365: Od. 4.843, Od. 16.379. Of the toil and moil of war, hard, daunting Il. 11.601, Il. 16.651. Of wrath, towering Il. 15.223.

The less common αἰπεινός shows only the first use in Homer – the physical application. Again, Cunliffe:

αἰπεινός -ή, -όν[αἰπύς.]

Steep, sheer: Μυκάλης κάρηνα Il. 2.869. Cf. Il. 20.58: Od. 6.123. Rocky, rugged: Καλυδῶνι Il. 13.217, Il. 14.116.
Of cities, set on a steep Il. 2.573, Il. 6.35, Il. 9.419 = 686, Il. 13.773, Il. 15.215, 257, 558, Il. 17.328.

But then in Pindar’s four uses of αἰπεινός, two are figurative applications. One (Nemean 5.32) is explicable through comparison with the extended uses of αἰπύς seen in Hesiod’s Theogony (589) at the presentation of Pandora and the Homeric Hymn to Hermes (66). First Hesiod:

θαῦμα δ᾽ ἔχ᾽ ἀθανάτους τε θεοὺς θνητούς τ᾽ ἀνθρώπους,
ὡς εἶδον δόλον αἰπύν, ἀμήχανον ἀνθρώποισιν.

And wonder took hold of the deathless gods and mortal men when they saw that which was sheer guile, not to be withstood by men.

And then Hermes:

ἆλτο κατὰ σκοπιὴν εὐώδεος ἐκ μεγάροιο
ὁρμαίνων δόλον αἰπὺν ἐνὶ φρεσίν, οἶά τε φῶτες
φηληταὶ διέπουσι μελαίνης νυκτὸς ἐν ὥρῃ.

[He] sprang from the sweet-smelling hall to a watch-place, pondering sheer trickery in his heart —deeds such as knavish folk pursue in the dark night-time;

The context of both scenes is the realm of subterfuge. Pandora is intended as an inescapable (ἀμήχανον) evil slipped in amongst men. Hermes – who coincidentally leaps to a watching place (σκοπιὴ) to do so – makes thieving plans. The same context is activated below in Pindar’s telling of Hippolyta attempting to persuade her husband to ambush Peleus. I bold the relevant phrases but the main point is that we have here only the extended, metaphorical use. There is no element of the physical:

And, after a prelude
to Zeus, they first sang of august Thetis
and Peleus, telling how elegant Hippolyta, Cretheus’
daughter, sought to snare him by a trick, after she
persuaded her husband, overseer of the Magnesians,
to be an accomplice through her elaborate designs:
she put together a falsely fabricated tale,
claiming that in Acastus’ own marriage bed
he was trying to gain her wifely
love. But the opposite was true, for again and again
with all her heart she begged him beguilingly.
But her precipitous words provoked his anger,
and he immediately rejected the wife,

αἱ δὲ πρώτιστον μὲν ὕμνησαν Διὸς ἀρχόμεναι σεμνὰν Θέτιν
Πηλέα θ᾿, ὥς τέ νιν ἁβρὰΚρηθεῒς Ἱππολύτα δόλῳ πεδᾶσαι
ἤθελε ξυνᾶνα Μαγνήτων σκοπόν
πείσαισ᾿ ἀκοίταν ποικίλοις βουλεύμασιν,
ψεύσταν δὲ ποιητὸν συνέπαξε λόγον,
ὡς ἦρα νυμφείας ἐπείρα κεῖνος ἐν λέκτροις Ἀκάστου

εὐνᾶς· τὸ δ᾿ ἐναντίον ἔσκεν· πολλὰ γάρ νιν παντὶθυμῷ
παρφαμένα λιτάνευεν. τοῖο δ᾿ ὀργὰν κνίζον αἰπεινοὶ λόγοι·
εὐθὺς δ᾿ ἀπανάνατο νύμφαν,

(As an aside, I would add here the consideration that there’s a second or alternate influence on this use in Pindar – that αἰπεινοὶ in ‘τοῖο δ᾿ ὀργὰν κνίζον αἰπεινοὶ λόγοι’ is a transferred modifier, the background idea being ‘but her words provoked his precipitous anger.’ This sense would draw from the metaphorical application of αἰπύς to passions.)

Coming at last back to launching point in Olympian 9:

for some paths
are longer than others,
and no single training will develop
us all. The ways of wisdom
are steep …

ἐντὶ γὰρ ἄλλαι
ὁδῶν ὁδοὶ περαίτεραι,
μία δ᾿ οὐχ ἅπαντας ἄμμε θρέψει
μελέτα· σοφίαι μέν
αἰπειναί …

There is an easy near parallel to this thought flow in Hesiod’s Works and Days (286-292):

σοὶ δ᾽ ἐγὼ ἐσθλὰ νοέων ἐρέω, μέγα νήπιε Πέρση.
τὴν μέν τοι κακότητα καὶ ἰλαδὸν ἔστιν ἑλέσθαι
ῥηιδίως: λείη μὲν ὁδός, μάλα δ᾽ ἐγγύθι ναίει:
τῆς δ᾽ ἀρετῆς ἱδρῶτα θεοὶ προπάροιθεν ἔθηκαν
ἀθάνατοι: μακρὸς δὲ καὶ ὄρθιος οἶμος ἐς αὐτὴν
καὶ τρηχὺς τὸ πρῶτον: ἐπὴν δ᾽ εἰς ἄκρον ἵκηται,
ῥηιδίη δὴ ἔπειτα πέλει, χαλεπή περ ἐοῦσα.

To you, foolish Perses, I will speak good sense. Badness can be got easily and in shoals; the road to her is smooth, and she lives very near us. But between us and Goodness the gods have placed the sweat of our brows; long and steep is the path that leads to her, and it is rough at the first; but when a man has reached the top, then is she easy to reach, though before that she was hard.

Substitute Pindar’s σοφίαι for Hesiod’s ἀρετή (goodness, excellence – more), αἰπειναί for ὄρθιος (straight up, steep – more), and ὁδοὶ for οἶμος ( way, road – more) and you’re in the same region of folk wisdom. But what you get different with Pindar is typical of his construction generally – a marked condensing of thought alongside a heightened intensity. He manages the effect here through a unique (in surviving work) use of αἰπεινός that forces activation of both its physical and metaphorical senses – basically I read his σοφίαι μέν αἰπειναί as pulling together the entirety of Hesiod’s
τῆς δ᾽ ἀρετῆς ἱδρῶτα θεοὶ προπάροιθεν ἔθηκαν / ἀθάνατοι: μακρὸς δὲ καὶ ὄρθιος οἶμος ἐς αὐτὴν. It hits not just the physical difficulty of ὄρθιος οἶμος but also – calling in the metaphorical use of αἰπύς – the attendant psychic strain of τῆς δ᾽ ἀρετῆς ἱδρῶτα θεοὶ προπάροιθεν ἔθηκαν ἀθάνατοι (between us and Goodness the gods have placed the sweat of our brows). Wisdom here is difficult to reach like an elevated city or cliff and daunting to encounter/overcome like death, treachery, and the darker passions.

Truly a path longer than others.



Where once the great king of the gods showered the city with snows of gold

From Pindar’s Olympian 7 (24-52), for Diagoras of Rhodes, winner of boxing in 464. Often Pindar is just pretty and no other point is needed.

But about the minds of humans hang
numberless errors, and it is impossible to discover
what now and also in the end is best to happen to a man.
Thus it is that the founder of this land once struck
Alcmene’s bastard brother Licymnius
with a staff of hard olive in Tiryns
when he came from Midea’s chambers and killed him
in a fit of anger. Disturbances of the mind
lead astray even a wise man. He went to the god for an oracle,
and from the fragrant inner sanctum of his temple
the golden-haired god
told him to sail from the shore of Lerna
straight to the seagirt pasture,
where once the great king of the gods showered
the city with snows of gold,
when, by the skills of Hephaestus
with the stroke of a bronze-forged axe,
Athena sprang forth on the top of her father’s head
and shouted a prodigious battle cry,
and Heaven shuddered at her, and mother Earth.
At that time Hyperion’s son, divine bringer of light
to mortals, charged his dear children
to observe the obligation that was to come,
that they might be the first to build for the goddess
an altar in full view, and by making
a sacred sacrifice might cheer the hearts of the father
and his daughter of the thundering spear. Reverence
for one who has foresight plants excellence and its joys in humans,
but without warning some cloud of forgetfulness comes upon them
and wrests the straight path of affairs
from their minds.
Thus it was that they made their ascent without taking
the seed of blazing flame, and with fireless sacrifices
they made a sanctuary on the acropolis.
He [Zeus] brought a yellow cloud and upon them
rained gold in abundance; but the Gray-eyed Goddess
herself gave them every kind of skill to surpass mortals
with their superlative handiwork.
Their streets bore works of art in the likeness of beings
that lived and moved, and great was their fame.


ἀμφὶ δ᾽ ἀνθρώπων φρασὶν ἀμπλακίαι
ἀναρίθμητοι κρέμανται: τοῦτο δ᾽ ἀμάχανον εὑρεῖν,
ὅ τι νῦν ἐν καὶ τελευτᾷ φέρτατον ἀνδρὶ τυχεῖν.
καὶ γὰρ Ἀλκμήνας κασίγνητον νόθον
σκάπτῳ θένων
σκληρᾶς ἐλαίας ἔκταν᾽ ἐν Τίρυνθι Λικύμνιον ἐλθόντ᾽ ἐκ θαλάμων Μιδέας
τᾶσδέ ποτε χθονὸς οἰκιστὴρ χολωθείς. αἱ δὲ φρενῶν ταραχαὶ
παρέπλαγξαν καὶ σοφόν. μαντεύσατο δ᾽ ἐς θεὸν ἐλθών.
τῷ μὲν ὁ Χρυσοκόμας εὐώδεος ἐξ ἀδύτου ναῶν πλόον
εἶπε Λερναίας ἀπ᾽ ἀκτᾶς εὐθὺν ἐς ἀμφιθάλασσον νομόν,
ἔνθα ποτὲ βρέχε θεῶν βασιλεὺς ὁ μέγας χρυσέαις νιφάδεσσι πόλιν,
ἁνίχ᾽ Ἁφαίστου τέχναισιν
χαλκελάτῳ πελέκει πατέρος Αθαναία κορυφὰν κατ᾽ ἄκραν
ἀνορούσαισ᾽ ἀλάλαξεν ὑπερμάκει βοᾷ:
Οὐρανὸς δ᾽ ἔφριξέ νιν καὶ Γαῖα μάτηρ.
τότε καὶ φαυσίμβροτος δαίμων Ὑπεριονίδας
μέλλον ἔντειλεν φυλάξασθαι χρέος
παισὶν φίλοις,
ὡς ἂν θεᾷ πρῶτοι κτίσαιεν βωμὸν ἐναργέα, καὶ σεμνὰν θυσίαν θέμενοι
πατρί τε θυμὸν ἰάναιεν κόρᾳ τ᾽ ἐγχειβρόμῳ. ἐν δ᾽ ἀρετὰν
ἔβαλεν καὶ χάρματ᾽ ἀνθρώποισι Προμαθέος Αἰδώς:
ἐπὶ μὰν βαίνει τε καὶ λάθας ἀτέκμαρτα νέφος,
καὶ παρέλκει πραγμάτων ὀρθὰν ὁδὸν
ἔξω φρενῶν.
καὶ τοὶ γὰρ αἰθοίσας ἔχοντες σπέρμ᾽ ἀνέβαν φλογὸς οὔ: τεῦξαν δ᾽ ἀπύροις ἱεροῖς
ἄλσος ἐν ἀκροπόλει: κείνοις ὁ μὲν ξανθὰν ἀγαγὼν νεφέλαν
πολὺν ὗσε χρυσόν: αὐτὰ δέ σφισιν ὤπασε τέχναν
πᾶσαν ἐπιχθονίων Γλαυκῶπις ἀριστοπόνοις χερσὶ κρατεῖν.
ἔργα δὲ ζωοῖσιν ἑρπόντεσσί θ᾽ ὁμοῖα κέλευθοι φέρον:
ἦν δὲ κλέος βαθύ.

Learners who are boisterous and long-winded are like a pair of crows that cry in vain

From Pindar’s Olympian 2 (82-88):

…I have many swift arrows
under my arm
in their quiver
that speak to those who understand, but for the whole subject, they need
interpreters. Wise is he who knows many things
by nature, whereas learners who are boisterous
and long-winded are like a pair of crows that cry in vain
against the divine bird of Zeus.


… πολλά μοι ὑπ᾿
ἀγκῶνος ὠκέα βέλη
ἔνδον ἐντὶ φαρέτρας
φωνάεντα συνετοῖσιν· ἐς δὲ τὸ πὰν ἑρμανέων
χατίζει. σοφὸς ὁ πολλὰ εἰδὼς φυᾷ·
μαθόντες δὲ λάβροι
παγγλωσσίᾳ κόρακες ὣς ἄκραντα γαρύετον

Διὸς πρὸς ὄρνιχα θεῖον·

A scholia adds:

κόρακες· . . .αἰνίττεται Βακχυλίδην καὶ Σιμωνίδην, ἑαυτὸν λέγων ἀετόν, κόρακας δὲ τοὺς ἀντιτέχνους

Crows – he makes a riddling reference to Bacchylides and Simonides, calling himself an eagle and his rivals crows.

But that’s the sort of thing scholiasts always add.

What do you expect wisdom to be?

Pindar Fragment 61 (but taken from v.2 of the Loeb Early Greek Philosophy set):

What do you expect wisdom to be, if it is only by a little
That one man possesses it more than another?
For it is impossible for him
To discover the gods’ plans with a human mind (phreni):
He was born of a mortal mother.

τί ἔλπεαι σοφίαν ἔμμεν, ἃν ὀλίγον τοι
ἀνὴρ ὑπὲρ ἀνδρὸς ἴσχει;
οὐ γὰρ ἔσθ᾽ ὅπως τὰ θεῶν
βουλεύματ’ ἐρευνάσει βροτέᾳ φρενί·
θνατᾶς δ᾽ἀπὸ ματρὸς ἔφυ.

They drove him into the underworld like a peg

A modestly amusing footnote in the Loeb edition of Apollonius’ Argonautica (1.55ish), as the poet enumerates the crew.

And from wealthy Gyrton came Caeneus’ son, Coronus—a brave man, but no braver than his father. For bards sing of how Caeneus, although still living, perished at the hands of the Centaurs, when, all alone and separated from the other heroes, he routed them. They rallied against him, but were not strong enough to push him back nor to kill him, so instead, unbroken and unbending, he sank beneath the earth, hammered by the downward force of mighty pine trees*

They drove him into the underworld like a peg, hence he perished while still alive; cf. Pindar, fr. 128f.


ἤλυθε δ᾿ ἀφνειὴν προλιπὼν Γυρτῶνα Κόρωνος
Καινεΐδης, ἐσθλὸς μέν, ἑοῦ δ᾿ οὐ πατρὸς ἀμείνων.
Καινέα γὰρ ζωόν περ ἔτι κλείουσιν ἀοιδοὶ
Κενταύροισιν ὀλέσθαι, ὅτε σφέας οἶος ἀπ᾿ ἄλλων
ἤλασ᾿ ἀριστήων· οἱ δ᾿ ἔμπαλιν ὁρμηθέντες
οὔτε μιν ἀγκλῖναι προτέρω σθένον οὔτε δαΐξαι,
ἀλλ᾿ ἄρρηκτος ἄκαμπτος ἐδύσετο νειόθι γαίης,
θεινόμενος στιβαρῇσι καταΐγδην ἐλάτῃσιν

The Pindar fragment (with the Loeb edition by the same editor/translator as Apollonius) is:

128f The same papyrus gives scraps of vv. 3–8. A scholion on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica. “Apollonius took it from Pindar, who said” (vv. 7–9):

(lines 1–2 are fragmentary)
excel(?)
famous(?)
5and Castor(?)
. . . . . .
But Caeneus,6 (struck with) green (fir trees)
disappears after splitting the earth with his upright
foot.

Cf. Plutarch, The Stoics Talk More Paradoxically Than the Poets. “Pindar’s Caeneus used to be criticized for being an implausible creation—invulnerable to iron, feeling nothing in his body, and finally having sunk unwounded under the ground, ‘after splitting the earth with his upright foot.’”

But the best telling is Ovid’s (Metamorphoses 12.490is) in Nestor’s version of the battle of  the Centaurs and the Lapiths:

Now, quite beside themselves, the double monsters rushed on with huge uproar, and all together against that single foe they aimed and drove their weapons. The spears fell blunted, and Caeneus, the son of Elatus, still stood, for all their strokes, unwounded and unstained. The strange sight struck them speechless. Then Monychus exclaimed: ‘Oh, what a shame is this! We, a whole people, are defied by one, and he scarcely a man. And yet he is the man, while we, with our weak attempts, are what he was before. Of what advantage are our monster-forms? What our twofold strength? What avails it that a double nature has united in our bodies the strongest living things? We are not sons of any goddess nor Ixion’s sons, I think. For he was high-souled enough to aspire to be great Juno’s mate, while we are conquered by an enemy but half-man! Come then, let us heap stones and tree-trunks on him, mountains at a time! let’s crush his stubborn life out with forests for our missiles! Let sheer bulk smother his throat, and for wounds let weight suffice.’ He spoke and, chancing on a tree-trunk overthrown by mad Auster’s might, he hurled it at his sturdy foe. The others followed him; and in short time Othrys was stripped of trees and Pelion had lost his shade. Buried beneath that huge mound, Caeneus heaved against the weight of trees and bore up the oaken mass upon his sturdy shoulders. But indeed, as the burden mounted over lips and head, he could get no air to breathe. Gasping for breath, at times he strove in vain to lift his head into the air and to throw off the heaped-up forest; at times he moved, just as if lofty Ida, which we see yonder, should tremble with an earthquake. His end is doubtful. Some said that his body was thrust down by the weight of woods to the Tartarean pit; but the son of Ampycus denied this. For from the middle of the pile he saw a bird with golden wings fly up into the limpid air. I saw it too, then for the first time and the last.


ecce ruunt vasto rabidi clamore bimembres
telaque in hunc omnes unum mittuntque feruntque.
tela retusa cadunt: manet inperfossus ab omni
inque cruentatus Caeneus Elateius ictu.
fecerat attonitos nova res. ‘heu dedecus ingens!’
Monychus exclamat. ‘populus superamur ab uno
vixque viro; quamquam ille vir est, nos segnibus actis,
quod fuit ille, sumus. quid membra inmania prosunt?
quid geminae vires et quod fortissima rerum
in nobis natura duplex animalia iunxit?
nec nos matre dea, nec nos Ixione natos
esse reor, qui tantus erat, Iunonis ut altae
spem caperet: nos semimari superamur ab hoste!
saxa trabesque super totosque involvite montes
vivacemque animam missis elidite silvis!
massa premat fauces, et erit pro vulnere pondus.’
dixit et insanis deiectam viribus austri
forte trabem nactus validum coniecit in hostem
exemplumque fuit, parvoque in tempore nudus
arboris Othrys erat, nec habebat Pelion umbras.
obrutus inmani cumulo sub pondere Caeneus
aestuat arboreo congestaque robora duris
fert umeris, sed enim postquam super ora caputque
crevit onus neque habet, quas ducat, spiritus auras,
deficit interdum, modo se super aera frustra
tollere conatur iactasque evolvere silvas
interdumque movet, veluti, quam cernimus, ecce,
ardua si terrae quatiatur motibus Ide.
exitus in dubio est: alii sub inania corpus
Tartara detrusum silvarum mole ferebant;
abnuit Ampycides medioque ex aggere fulvis
vidit avem pennis liquidas exire sub auras,
quae mihi tum primum, tunc est conspecta supremum.

One should sow with the hand, not with the whole sack

From Plutarch’s De Gloria Atheniensium (4.347F):

 “Corinna warned Pindar, who was still young and prided himself on his eloquence, that he was unpoetic for not telling myths, which are the proper business of poetry, but that he supported his works with unusual words, strange usages, paraphrases, songs, and rhythms, which are just embellishments of the subject matter. So Pindar, taking her words to heart, composed that famous poem, ‘Shall it be Ismenus . . . ?’ When he showed it to her, she laughed and said that one should sow with the hand, not with the whole sack.”


ἡ δὲ Κόριννα τὸν Πίνδαρον, ὄντα νέον ἔτι καὶ τῇ λογιότητι σοβαρῶς χρώμενον, ἐνουθέτησεν ὡς ἄμουσον ὄντα καὶ μὴ ποιοῦντα μύθους, ὃ τῆς ποιητικῆς ἔργον εἶναι συμβέβηκε, γλώττας δὲ καὶ καταχρήσεις καὶ μεταφράσεις καὶ μέλη καὶ ῥυθμοὺς ἡδύσματα τοῖς πράγμασιν ὑποτιθέντα. σφόδρ᾿ οὖν ὁ Πίνδαρος ἐπιστήσας τοῖς λεγομένοις ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖνο τὸ μέλος. δειξαμένου δὲ τῇ Κορίννῃ γελάσασα ἐκείνη τῇ χειρὶ δεῖν ἔφη σπείρειν, ἀλλὰ μὴ ὅλῳ τῷ θυλάκῳ

The line reference is preserved in Psuedo-Lucian’s In Praise of Demosthenes (or the Pindar Loeb v.2 pg. 232)

Shall it be Ismenus, or Melia of the golden spindle,
or Cadmus, or the holy race of the Spartoi,
or Thebe of the dark-blue fillet,
or the all-daring strength of Heracles,
or the wondrous honor of Dionysus,
or the marriage of white-armed Harmonia
that we shall hymn?


Ἰσμηνὸν ἢ χρυσαλάκατον Μελίαν
ἢ Κάδμον ἢ Σπαρτῶν ἱερὸν γένος ἀνδρῶν
ἢ τὰν κυανάμπυκα Θήβαν
ἢ τὸ πάντολμον σθένος Ἡρακλέος
5ἢ τὰν Διωνύσου πολυγαθέα τιμὰν
ἢ γάμον λευκωλένου Ἁρμονίας
ὑμνήσομεν;

μυριᾶν δ᾿ ἀρετᾶν ἀτελεῖ νόῳ γεύεται

From Pindar Nemean 3.40ish, with Loeb text and translation.

συγγενεῖ δέ τις εὐδοξίᾳ μέγα βρίθει.
ὃς δὲ διδάκτ᾿ ἔχει, ψεφεννὸς ἀνὴρ
ἄλλοτ᾿ ἄλλα πνέων οὔ ποτ᾿ ἀτρεκεῖ
κατέβα ποδί, μυριᾶν δ᾿ ἀρετᾶν ἀτελεῖ νόῳ γεύεται.

One with inborn glory carries great weight,
but he who has mere learning is a shadowy man;
ever changing his purpose, he never takes a precise
step, but attempts innumerable feats with an ineffectual
mind.

The single citation for ψεφεννός I can find is right here but it’s clearly related to another rare word – ψέφος or darkness (which appears as ψέφας in a fragment from Pindar).  But for the logic to follow, the sense has to be in contrast with βρίθω – which Slater’s Lexicon to Pindar, citing this appearance, gives as “be heavy met. συγγενεῖ δέ τις εὐδοξίᾳ μέγα βρίθει prevails, is powerful.”  The image would accordingly have to veer more toward  the association of dark with fog with shadow with shade/spirit with flitting lightness with inconstancy and ineffectuality.  And that movement toward spirit and lightness would seem confirmed with the next line’s πνέων which generally means ‘to breath’ but which Slater cites for this location as falling under the metaphorical sense of “be minded, have aspirations.”  All of which would come together in translation as:

One with inborn glory has great heft,
but he who has learning is an aery/insubstantial fog
aspiring now to one thing, now to another, and never
stepping with determined foot.  Countless achievements does he taste but with a mind that brings none to a conclusion.

I’m certainly projecting my own guilt for intellectual flightiness into Pindar’s conclusion but my rendering avoid’s the Loeb’s unjustifiable insertion of “[mere] learning.” My ἀτρεκής is easily within bounds of the accepted ‘precise, accurate, strict’, my γεύω sheds a loose metaphorical rendering, and my ἀτελής holds closer to the etymological basis.  I call it an improvement.  But the Loeb translator Race has the last laugh because I read his version while no one will read the one I spent 30 minutes on.

the choicest recompense for his great labors

From Pindar’s Nemean 1 (text and translation from the Loeb) – following baby Heracles’ dispatching of the Hera-sent snakes.  A personally revealing observation here but I much appreciate the simple touch that all his life’s labors lead only to peace (εἰρήνη) and quiet (ἡσυχία) – the latter called the choicest recompense (ποινὰν ἐξαίρετον) for his great efforts.  Too rarely is Heracles given a side past man of action and too rarely does Greek literature recognize the joy of relaxation.

[Amphitryon] summoned his neighbor,
the foremost prophet of highest Zeus,
the straight-speaking seer Teiresias, who declared to him
and to all the people what fortunes he would encounter:

all the lawless beasts he would slay on land
and all those in the sea;
and to many a man who traveled
in crooked excess he said that
he would give the most hateful doom.
And furthermore, when the gods would meet the Giants
in battle on the plain of Phlegra,
he said that beneath a volley of his arrows
their bright hair would be fouled

with earth, but that he himself
in continual peace for all time
would be allotted tranquillity as the choicest
recompense for his great labors…


γείτονα δ᾿ ἐκκάλεσεν
Διὸς ὑψίστου προφάταν ἔξοχον,
ὀρθόμαντιν Τειρεσίαν· ὁ δέ οἱ
φράζε καὶ παντὶ στρατῷ, ποίαις ὁμιλήσει τύχαις,

ὅσσους μὲν ἐν χέρσῳ κτανών,
ὅσσους δὲ πόντῳ θῆρας ἀιδροδίκας·
καί τινα σὺν πλαγίῳ
ἀνδρῶν κόρῳ στείχοντα τὸν ἐχθρότατον
φᾶσέ νιν δώσειν μόρον.
καὶ γὰρ ὅταν θεοὶ ἐν
πεδίῳ Φλέγρας Γιγάντεσσιν μάχαν
ἀντιάζωσιν, βελέων ὑπὸ ῥι-
παῖσι κείνου φαιδίμαν γαίᾳ πεφύρσεσθαι κόμαν

ἔνεπεν· αὐτὸν μὰν ἐν εἰρή-
νᾳ τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον <ἐν> σχερῷ
ἡσυχίαν καμάτων μεγάλων
ποινὰν λαχόντ᾿ ἐξαίρετον